Reba Ishusho Nini
Ibyuka bihumanya ni imyuka ihindagurika iva mumatembabuzi.Ibyo byuka bishobora kuba impanuka, binyuze mu guhumeka cyangwa kubera ububiko bubi.
Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere ntabwo byangiza abantu gusa nibidukikije ahubwo binabangamira inyungu.Hamwe nigihe kirekire cyo guhura nibinyabuzima bihindagurika, abantu barashobora kugira uburwayi bukomeye bwumubiri.Harimo abakozi mu bimera bimwe cyangwa abantu batuye hafi.
Iyi ngingo itanga amakuru yukuntu ibyuka bihumanya byaje.Ibi kandi bizakemura ibizamini bya API kimwe nibigomba gukorwa kugirango bigabanye ingaruka zibi bibazo bitemba.
Inkomoko y’ibyuka bihumanya
Indangagaciro Nimpamvu Zambere Zitera Kwiruka
Inganda zinganda nibiyigize, akenshi, nyirabayazana nyamukuru y’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere.Imirongo yumurongo nkisi nisi ninzugi zububiko nubwoko busanzwe bwa valve ikunda guhura nibibazo.
Iyi valve ikoresha haba kuzamuka cyangwa kuzunguruka uruti rwo gufunga no gufunga.Ubu buryo butanga ubushyamirane bwinshi.Byongeye kandi, ingingo zifitanye isano na gasketi hamwe na sisitemu yo gupakira ni ibintu bisanzwe aho imyuka iba.
Ariko, kubera ko umurongo wumurongo uhenze cyane, ukoreshwa cyane kuruta ubundi bwoko bwa valve.Ibi bituma iyi mibande itavugwaho rumwe bijyanye no kurengera ibidukikije.
Agaciro Agaciro Kagira uruhare mu guhunga imyuka
Ibyuka bihumanya biva mu biti bya valve ni hafi 60% y’ibyuka byose bitangwa n’uruganda runaka.Ibi byashyizwe mu bushakashatsi bwakozwe na kaminuza ya Columbiya y'Ubwongereza.Umubare wuzuye wa valve ukomoka kubiranga ijanisha rinini rivugwa mubushakashatsi.
Ibikoresho bya Valve birashobora kandi gutanga umusanzu mubyuka bihumanya
Ingorane zo kugenzura ibyuka bihumanya nabyo biri mubipakira.Mugihe ibipaki byinshi byubahiriza kandi bigatsinda API Standard 622 mugihe cyo kwipimisha, byinshi birananirana mugihe nyacyo.Kubera iki?Gupakira bikozwe bitandukanye numubiri wa valve.
Hashobora kubaho itandukaniro rito mubipimo hagati yo gupakira na valve.Ibi birashobora gutuma umuntu ava.Ibintu bimwe ugomba gutekereza kuruhande harimo ibipimo bikwiranye no kurangiza valve.
Ubundi buryo bwa peteroli nabwo ni Culprits
Ibyuka bihumanya ntibibaho gusa mugihe cyo gutunganya imyuka muruganda.Mubyukuri, ibyuka bihumanya bibaho mubyiciro byose byo kubyara gaze.
Dukurikije neza ko imyuka ihumanya ikirere ituruka kuri gazi karemano, “imyuka iva mu musaruro wa gaze karemano ni nini kandi ibaho muri buri cyiciro cy’ubuzima bwa gaze karemano, kuva mbere y’umusaruro binyuze mu bicuruzwa, gutunganya, kohereza, no gukwirakwiza.”
Ni ubuhe buryo bwihariye bwa API bwerekeye imyuka ihumanya ikirere?
Ikigo cy’ibikomoka kuri peteroli muri Amerika (API) nimwe mu nzego nyobozi zitanga ibipimo nganda za gaze gasanzwe na peteroli.Yashyizweho mu 1919, ibipimo bya API nimwe mubuyobozi buyobora ibintu byose bijyanye ninganda za peteroli.Hamwe nibipimo birenga 700, API iherutse gutanga ibipimo byihariye byuka bihumanya bijyana na valve nibipakira.
Mugihe hariho ibizamini byoherezwa hanze birahari, ibipimo byemewe byo kwipimisha nibyo biri munsi ya API.Dore ibisobanuro birambuye kuri API 622, API 624 na API 641.
API 622
Ibi ubundi byitwa API 622 Ubwoko bwo Kugerageza Gutunganya Valve Gupakira ibyuka bihumanya
Nibisanzwe API yo gupakira valve mumashanyarazi atagaragara cyangwa azunguruka.
Ibi bigena niba gupakira bishobora kubuza gusohora imyuka.Hariho ibintu bine byo gusuzuma:
1. Ni kangahe igipimo cyo kumeneka
2. Nigute irwanya valve kwangirika
3. Ni ibihe bikoresho bikoreshwa mu gupakira
4. Ni irihe suzuma rya okiside?
Ikizamini, hamwe nigitabo giheruka gusohoka mu mwaka wa 2011 kandi kikaba kigikomeje kuvugururwa, kirimo inzinguzingo 1.510 zikoresha imashini zitanu za 5000F hamwe n’umuvuduko wa psig 600.
Inzira ya mashini isobanura gufungura byuzuye gufunga byuzuye.Kuri ubu, imyuka ya gaze yipimisha irasuzumwa mugihe gito.
Kimwe mubyavuguruwe vuba kuri API 622 Kwipimisha nikibazo cya API 602 na 603.Iyi mibande ifite ipaki ifunganye kandi yari yarananiranye mubizamini bya API 622.Kwemererwa gusohoka ni ibice 500 kuri miriyoni (ppmv).
API 624
Ibi ubundi byitwa API 624 Ubwoko bwo Kwipimisha Ikizamuka Cyibikoresho Byuzuye hamwe na Flexible Graphite Packing for Fugitive Emission Standard.Ibipimo ngenderwaho nibisabwa kugirango ibizamini byoherezwa mu kirere byombi bizamuka kandi bizunguruka.Iyi valve yibiti igomba gushiramo gupakira bimaze gutsinda API Standard 622.
Ikibumbano cyibiti kigeragezwa kigomba kugwa murwego rwemewe rwa 100 ppmv.Kubera iyo mpamvu, API 624 ifite 310 yumukanishi hamwe ninzitizi eshatu 5000F.Witondere, indangagaciro hejuru ya NPS 24 cyangwa zirenga icyiciro 1500 ntabwo ziri murwego rwo kugerageza API 624.
Ikizamini kirananirana niba kashe ya stem yamenetse irenga 100 ppmv.Ikibaho cyemewe nticyemewe kumenyera mugihe cyo kwipimisha.
API 641
Ibi ubundi byitwa API 624 Igihembwe Guhindura Valve Ikizamini.Nibisanzwe bishya byateguwe na API ikubiyemo indangagaciro zumuryango wa kimwe cya kane cyumuryango.Kimwe mu bipimo byemeranijweho kuri iki gipimo ni 100 ppmv ntarengwa ntarengwa yo kwemererwa gusohoka.Ikindi gihoraho ni API 641 ni 610 yigihembwe cyo kuzunguruka.
Kubihembwe bihinduranya valve hamwe no gupakira grafite, igomba kubanza gutsinda ibizamini bya API 622.Ariko, niba gupakira bishyizwe mubipimo bya API 622, ibi birashobora kureka ikizamini cya API 622.Urugero ni ugupakira ibintu bikozwe muri PTFE.
Indangagaciro zapimwe kuri parameter ntarengwa: 600 psig.Kubera itandukaniro ryubushyuhe, hari ibice bibiri byerekana amanota akoreshwa mubushyuhe bwa valve:
● Indangagaciro ziri hejuru ya 5000F
● Indangagaciro ziri munsi ya 5000F
API 622 vs API 624
Hashobora kubaho urujijo hagati ya API 622 na API 624. Muri iki gice, witondere itandukaniro rito hagati yombi.
● Umubare wizunguruko zirimo
● API 622 GUSA harimo gupakira;mugihe, API 624 irimo valve HARIMO gupakira
● Urutonde rwibishobora kwemerwa (500 ppmv kuri API 622 na 100 ppmv kuri 624)
Umubare ushobora kwemererwa guhinduka (imwe kuri API 622 kandi ntanumwe kuri API 624)
Nigute wagabanya imyuka ihumanya ikirere
Ibyuka bihumanya birashobora kuburizwamo kugirango bigabanye ingaruka ziterwa n’imyuka yangiza ibidukikije.
# 1 Hindura Indangagaciro zishaje
Indangagaciro zihora zihinduka.Menya neza ko indangagaciro zikurikiza ibipimo bigezweho.Mugihe cyo kubungabunga no kugenzura buri gihe, biroroshye kumenya igikwiye gusimburwa.
# 2 Gushyira Valve ikwiye no gukurikirana buri gihe
Kwishyiriraho nabi kwa valve birashobora gutera no kumeneka.Koresha abatekinisiye bafite ubuhanga buhanitse bushobora gushiraho neza valve.Gushyira valve neza birashobora kandi kumenya sisitemu yo gutemba.Binyuze mugukurikirana buri gihe, indangagaciro zishobora gutemba cyangwa zishobora kuba zarafunguwe kubwimpanuka zirashobora kumenyekana byoroshye.
Hagomba kubaho ibizamini bisohoka bipima ingano yumwuka urekurwa na valve.Inganda zikoresha indangagaciro zateje imbere ibizamini byo kumenya ibyuka bihumanya:
● Uburyo bwa 21
Ibi bifashisha deteri ya flame ionisiyoneri kugirango igenzure
Imag Amashusho meza ya gaz (OGI)
Ibi bifashisha kamera ya infragre kugirango imenye ibimera
Id Absorption Itandukanye Lidar (DIAL)
Ibi birashobora gutahura imyuka ihumanya kure.
# 3 Amahitamo yo Kubungabunga
Igenzura ryokwirinda rishobora kumenya ibibazo hamwe na valve mugihe cyambere.Ibi birashobora kugabanya ibiciro byo gukosora valve idakwiye.
Kuki hakenewe kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya?
Ibyuka bihumanya ni uruhare runini mu kuzamuka kw’isi.Nibyo, hariho urugendo rukomeye rwizera kugabanya ibyuka bihumanya.Ariko nyuma yo kumenyekana hafi ikinyejana kuva yamenyekanye, urwego rwo guhumanya ikirere ruracyari hejuru.
Mu gihe hakenewe ingufu ku isi hose, hakenewe ubundi buryo bwo gukoresha amakara n’amavuta y’ibimera na byo byiyongereye.
Inkomoko: https://ourworldindata.org/co2-n-ubundi-icyatsi-icyatsi
Methane na Ethane biri mumurongo nkibishoboka cyane muburyo bwa peteroli na makara.Nukuri ko hari byinshi bishoboka nkibikoresho byingufu kuri byombi.Nyamara, metani, byumwihariko, ifite ubushyuhe burenze 30 kurenza CO2.
Ninimpamvu itera impungenge haba kubidukikije ndetse ninganda zikoresha uyu mutungo.Ku rundi ruhande, gukumira ibyuka bihumanya ikirere birashoboka hifashishijwe ikoreshwa ry’inganda nziza kandi zemewe na API.
Inkomoko: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-yasobanuwe/pdfscache/1180.pdf
Muri make
Ntagushidikanya ko indangagaciro aribintu byingenzi bigize inganda zose.Nyamara, indangagaciro ntabwo zakozwe nkigice kimwe gikomeye;ahubwo, igizwe nibigize.Ibipimo by'ibi bice ntibishobora guhura 100%, biganisha kumeneka.Uku kumeneka gushobora kwangiza ibidukikije.Kwirinda kumeneka gutya ninshingano zingenzi kubakoresha valve.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Gashyantare-25-2022